Covalent Bonding

Which statement best defines a covalent bond?

Electron density maps of Cl₂ provide evidence for covalent bonding because they show:

Which species contains a dative covalent bond?

In Al₂Cl₆, how are the two AlCl₃ units joined together?

Why does graphite conduct electricity along its layers but diamond does not?

A jeweller cuts hard gemstones using a diamond-tipped saw. Which property of diamond, arising directly from its structure, best explains this use?

Which statement about electronegativity is correct?

Why is CO₂ a non-polar molecule even though it contains polar bonds?

NH₃ has three polar N–H bonds. Which combination of features explains why NH₃ is a polar molecule overall?

NaCl involves an electronegativity difference of about 2.1, while AlCl₃ shows significant covalent character. Which statement best explains the bonding continuum?

Which of the following molecules is polar?

A student draws a dot-and-cross diagram of NH₄⁺ in which the dative N–H bond is shown with one dot and one cross. Why would an examiner penalise this?

A new flexible touchscreen uses a transparent, highly conductive carbon material that is one atom thick. Which structure is being described, and which property makes it suitable for this application?

Which statement correctly distinguishes a polar bond from a polar molecule?

Pencil “lead” is actually graphite. Which feature of graphite’s structure explains why it leaves a mark on paper when rubbed?