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Define diffusion.
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Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration; due to the random motion of particles in a gas or liquid.
Explain why a drop of ink spreads throughout a beaker of warm water without stirring.
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Water molecules and ink particles are in constant random motion due to kinetic energy; ink particles move from the region of higher ink concentration near the drop to regions of lower ink concentration throughout the beaker; the water is warm, so particles have more kinetic energy and move faster; therefore diffusion occurs more quickly than in cold water.
State the relationship between the relative molecular mass of a gas and its rate of diffusion.
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The greater the relative molecular mass of a gas, the slower its rate of diffusion; because heavier particles move more slowly at a given temperature.
Explain why the white ring forms closer to the HCl end of the tube when ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases diffuse towards each other.
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Ammonia has a lower relative molecular mass (Mᵣ = 17) than hydrogen chloride (Mᵣ = 36.5); therefore ammonia particles move faster and diffuse a greater distance along the tube in the same time; the two gases meet closer to the HCl end; they react to form ammonium chloride, NH₃(g) + HCl(g) → NH₄Cl(s), which appears as a white ring.